Heat the oil in a large, heavy-bottom saucepan or Dutch oven over medium. Add the onion, celery, bell peppers, carrot, garlic, the minced jalapeño, and ½ teaspoon kosher salt. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables are softened, about 10 minutes.
Add the chili powder, cumin, oregano, the rest of the kosher salt, and cayenne pepper, stir well so all of the vegetables are coated, and cook for 5 minutes, stirring often so the spices don't burn. Add the tomatoes with their juices, and 1 cup water, bring to a simmer and cook for 20 minutes until the broth reduces and thickens.
Add the rinsed and drained beans, corn, and chopped cilantro with the lime juice. Cook for 5-10 minutes for the beans to warm through and absorb the broth. Taste for seasoning and add more salt, if needed, and another pinch of cayenne pepper for more heat.
Serve topped with shredded cheddar cheese, sour cream, the rest of the jalapeño, chopped green onion, and more cilantro.